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In the UK, a group of Fox Hounds contracted Mycobacterium bovis (causative agent of bovine tuberculosis) after being fed raw meat [87]. 1) [(accessed on 14 June 2019)]; Flanagan T. Yahoo7 News; 2019. ACT 105. Arnott E.R., Early J.B., Wade C.M., McGreevy P.D. Australian Pig Doggers and Hunters Association Code of Conduct 2005. Phillips E., McPhedran K., Edwards D., Russell K., OConnor C.M., Gunn-Moore D.A., OHalloran C., Roberts T., Morris J. Australian Veterinary Association . Clinical management of Brucella suis infection in dogs and implications for public health. The effects of kennel size and exercise on the behaviour and stress physiology of individually-housed greyhounds. and M.W. During this time, dogs learn about conspecifics and become desensitised to environmental stimuli. This review explores the welfare of pig-hunting dogs in Australia by drawing on the international literature, working-dog research and available local research. Declared Animal Pests. Sparkes J., Ballard G., Fleming P.J.S. Conscious exsanguination is known to be painful, distressing and result in severe welfare compromise [98]. Other jurisdictions such as the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) have used pig hunting as a reason for euthanasia during a dog attack case, citing concerns about the risks to public safety posed by dogs who have participated in pig hunting [39,40]. Wells D.L. 8600 Rockville Pike Available online: Capak H., Brkljaca Bottegaro N., Manojlovic A., Smolec O., Vnuk D. Review of 166 gunshot injury cases in dogs. Transport to and from hunting locations often requires travelling significant distances in the rural countryside. These dogs assist hunters to find, pursue, and restrain feral pigs. Sampling bias favouring hunters who use guns was observed in this survey, as it was publicised by the Sporting Shooters Association, with other publications reporting Australian hunters preference for dogs and knives to kill feral pigs [3,97]. Changes in the welfare of an injured working farm dog assessed using the Five Domains Model. ONeill D.G., OSullivan A.M., Manson E.A., Church D.B., McGreevy P.D., Boag A.K., Brodbelt D.C. Canine dystocia in 50 UK first-opinion emergency care veterinary practices: Clinical management and outcomes. As per above conservative estimates, 52,000 pig hunters in Australia own dogs. While poisoning is the most common and effective control method employed by private landholders, municipal councils and state governments, hunting is also widely encouraged and practiced as a control method [3,10,11]. Knesl O., Hart B.L., Fine A.H., Cooper L., Patterson-Kane E., Houlihan K.E., Anthony R. Veterinarians and humane endings: When is it the right time to euthanize a companion animal? The primary driver of this wastage is behavioural incompatibility [55,56] including a lack of drive, although most of these issues arent identified until dogs are adults, meaning the breeding and culling of young adult working dogs is a welfare concern. Many hunters now use GPS collars and strobe lights to reduce the number of dogs that go missing [10]. Given the rural and remote locations in which many kenneled dogs in Australia live, it is unlikely these laws are enforced. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. We used the classical definition of animal welfare by Donald Broom, that is the welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment [47]. Cage size affects comfort, safety and the experienced security of working dogs in cares. Porter S.R., Czaplicki G., Mainil J., Guatteo R., Saegerman C. Q Fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. OConnell A., Scott I., Cogger N., Jones B.R., Hill K.E. A recent NZ study found pig hunters owned on average three adult hunting dogs, with some hunters owning up to eight dogs [12]. Gfrerer N., Taborsky M., Wurbel H. No evidence for detrimental effect of chemical castration on working ability in Swiss military dogs. James D.R., Golovsky G., Thornton J.M., Goodchild L., Havlicek M., Martin P., Krockenberger M.B., Marriott D.J.E., Ahuja V., Malik R., et al. Burns E. The Stationery Office Limited; 2000. Pig-hunting dogs in Australia, including the Bull Arab, are a mixture of bully breeds such as Bull Terriers, Bullmastiffs, Staffordshire Bull Terriers and American Pit Bull Terriers, as well as leaner, sight hound breeds such as Greyhounds, Wolfhounds and Staghounds (colloquially known as hairy dogs), German Shorthaired Pointers and Catahoula Leopard Dogs [50]. It is likely that some pig-hunting dogs experience reproductive issues caused by B. suis infection. Broom D. Animal welfare: Concepts and measurement. Melzack R., Scott T.H. [(accessed on 19 June 2019)]. Jongman E.C., Butler K.L., Hemsworth P.H. [(accessed on 19 June 2019)]. In contrast, other NSW government departments actively support hunting feral pigs with dogs [36] and NSW has some of the most generous animal welfare exemptions for pig hunting in the country, allowing dogs to bite and hold (or lug) onto pigs during hunts [42]. Welfare concerns have also been raised about both the welfare of quarry species pursued by dogs [15,18,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30] and the dogs themselves [15,16,23,25,26,27,29,30,31,32,33]. The State of Victoria; 2017. Dog Suffers Horrific Death as Heatwave Takes Hold of Queensland. Available online: Arnott E.R., Early J.B., Wade C.M., McGreevy P.D. Pig-hunting dogs encounter many risks during their hunting expeditions, including heat exhaustion, poisoning, accidental shooting, traumatic injuries, snake bites, and vehicular accidents. We conclude that research needs to be conducted in order to determine the current health and welfare of pig-hunting dogs, specifically in Australia. A NZ study reported that the average age of active hunting dogs was three years [12], suggesting a disproportionate number of younger dogs in work. Sires and dams are often chosen based on their hunting ability, boldness, intelligence, and strength [53]. Often hunters will recall their dogs away from the pig at this stage, although as video footage on social media sites such as YouTube show, many hunters do not [23,26]. [(accessed on 18 May 2019)]. Single kennels are the most common form of housing for pig-hunting dogs in Australia [44]. Hunting with hounds. Although stunning prior to death is a common practice in Australian abattoirs, hunted feral pigs are conscious during exsanguination [26,28,29]. 1Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; [email protected] (J.N. Feral pigs in Australia are managed through a variety of control methods, including poisoning (commonly using fluoroacetate [compound 1080] laden grains as bait), aerial and ground shooting, trapping, as well as recreational and commercial hunting [3,9]. It is suspected that hunters dont use all their dogs for every hunt, as a New Zealand (NZ) study found pig hunters generally owned three dogs each, with some owning up to eight dogs for hunting purposes [12]. Howell T.J., King T., Bennett P.C. RSPCA Qld Dogs and Utes. Dogs that leave working employment can follow several pathways, including being given away or sold as a working dog, breeding stock or pet, being euthanased by the owner or by a veterinarian, or being kept by the owner as a pet or breeding stock [54,55,56,73]. Available online: Caley P., Ottley B. Available online: Cowled B., OConnor C. Pest Animal Control CRC; 2004. The site is secure. Stafford K. WSAVA Proceedings; 2008. FOIA In addition, many hunters choose to supplement commercial diets with, or feed entirely, raw game such as feral pig and kangaroo [12,31]. McGill I., Abraham M., Boscolo S., Dalzell F., Eastwood B., Edwards R., Elliott P., Hill S., Hinde J., Kneba E., et al. Integrated Feral Pig Control. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Estimating the economic value of Australian stock herding dogs. Available online: Stacks Law Firm Court Decision throws focus on Dangerous Dog Law 2012. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]. Hunting feral pigs using dogs is a popular recreational activity in Australia. Although the extent to which pig-hunting dogs are overbred is unknown, it is likely that, with a large population of entire animals, some dogs are bred as surplus for replacement requirements. There is some information available on the methods used to train pig-hunting dogs. Although many hunters now use armour such as chest plates made from leather (Figure 1), the efficacy of these protective devices is unknown, and many injuries are still reported by veterinarians who treat these dogs [23,25,26]. Ridoutt C., Lee A., Moloney B., Massey P.D., Charman N., Jordan D. Detection of brucellosis and leptospirosis in feral pigs in New South Wales. ; R.M. The humaneness of this method of pest control urgently requires further assessment. OToole T. Australian Pig Doggers and Hunters Association; [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]. Possible risks identified include breeding surplus to requirements, the early retirement of dogs due to behavioural incompatibilities, use of punishment-based training techniques including electric shock collars, keeping dogs isolated in kennels or on tethers, exposure to numerous infectious diseases, high rates of traumatic injuries, poor transportation methods, high mortality during hunts, and suboptimal quality of life after retiring from hunting. Before [(accessed on 19 June 2019)]. ); [email protected] (M.W. Although hunting dogs likely experience positive affective states during hunting as a result of their strong prey drives [19], they are at increased risk of heat exhaustion, poisoning, vehicular trauma, snake bite, accidental shooting and dehydration while hunting [25,29,30,31]. Parasitic nematodes and protozoa status of working sheepdogs on the North Island of New Zealand. A dogs personality is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Microchipping of pig-hunting dogs or registration with respective local councils is also unknown, although both identification methods are legal requirements in many parts of Australia. OHalloran C., Hope J.C., Dobromylskyj M., Burr P., McDonald K., Rhodes S., Roberts T., Dampney R., De la Rua-Domenech R., Robinson N., et al. Saetre P., Strandberg E., Sundgren P.E., Pettersson U., Jazin E., Bergstrom T.F. Available online: Mortimer L. Daily Mercury; 2017. Animal Defenders Officer Is pig dogging legal in NSW and the ACT? We identified numerous challenges facing pig-hunting dogs throughout their lives. Welfare of Working and Sport Dogs. In Australia, dogs are commonly used to hunt feral pigs (Sus scrofa) for pest management as well as recreational and commercial reasons [3]. Well-stocked first aid kits with antibiotics, staple guns, and trauma kits often accompany hunters during outings, resulting in delayed or absent veterinary attention for some dogs [12,26]. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development . comm.). ; Writingreview and editing B.O. There are also concerns about the welfare of the wild pigs being hunted by the dogs. Hunting requires dogs to expend energy in short, intense bursts during chases and in longer, sustained periods when searching for quarry in dense vegetation, similar to the activity patterns of working sheep dogs [51,52]. Queensland Councils Push for $5 Bounty on Feral Pigs. Available online: Hone J. It is also unlikely that hunters verify a pig is dead by checking reflexes such as the corneal reflex or rhythmic breathing as per commercial abattoir requirements [99]. ; Writingoriginal draft preparation B.O. Dogs are generally transported in metal cages located on the tray of utility vehicles (utes) and are frequently seen accompanying their owners on errands in country towns [41]. We conclude that more research is required into the health and welfare of pig-hunting dogs. Contrarily, research shows that electronic shock collars are detrimental to dog learning [66,67] and owners using them in working dogs are less likely to have successful dogs [56]. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, Dogs kept for pig hunting are subject to dangerous dog requirements such as secure housing, Non-breeding dogs must be desexed by six months of age, dog, hunting, feral pig, welfare, Australia. Available online: Agriculture Victoria Code of Practice for the Tethering of Animals (Revision No. [(accessed on 25 June 2019)]. The use of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as aides for hunting has a long history. Report on Good and Adverse PracticesAnimal Welfare Concerns in Relation to Slaughter Practices from the Viewpoint of Veterinary Sciences. Other types of housing include single tethering [69] and living in residential backyards [45]. RSPCA Demands End to Pig Hunting. # Queensland legislation on allowing dogs to hold or lug feral pigs is unclear. This paper is primarily concerned with the welfare of dogs used to hunt feral pigs, but it would be remiss not mention the welfare impacts on the pigs themselves. Accessibility This can be a humane euthanasia method if done correctly. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]. An epidemiological investigation of an idiopathic myopathy in hunting dogs in New Zealand. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]; Inman M. The Sydney Morning Herald; 2018. and M.W. White P.C.K., Newton-Cross G.A., Moberly R.L., Smart J.C.R., Baker P.J., Harris S. The current and future management of wild mammals hunted with dogs in England and Wales. Dogs are also used to hunt other species overseas including deer, foxes and hares [15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. The role of hunting dogs in spreading infectious diseases through livestock and wildlife populations in the USA and UK has been highlighted recently, further fueling concerns about hunting practices in these countries [13,22]. Von Hollenben K., Von Wenzlawowicz M., Gregory N., Anil H., Velarde A., Rodriguez P., Cenci-Goga B., Catanese B., Lambooij B. These carvings show leashed dogs being used by humans to hunt deer, the first evidence that humans used dogs as a hunting aide [2]. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]; Boardogs Boardogs Breed Information 2013. [(accessed on 19 June 2019)]; Worrad S. The Veterinarian Magazine; 2011. Along with the absence of a national, evidence-based control program for feral pigs, pig hunting remains a popular control method despite evidence calling into question its effectiveness [3,4,6,9]. Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of Feral Pigs. Tethering dogs also presents potential welfare challenges, as it can expose dogs to extreme weather if no shelter is provided and allows little environmental comfort [81]. As hunting is often purported by supporters as an effective pig control method [43,44,45], despite evidence to the contrary [9,24,26,28,29,46], this is a topic for further research. The retirement of working dogs is a contentious subject [56,72]. Every state and territory in Australia has different laws concerning dogs used for hunting (Table 1). Some jurisdictions, such as the state of NSW, have declared hunting dogs as dangerous [37,38], making them subject to additional movement and housing restrictions. To hunt effectively, pig-hunting dogs need to be in optimal health. B.O. A Veterinary Opinion on Hunting with Hounds. Although hunting with dogs has a long history in many cultures, it is not without controversy. Salmonella infection in a remote, isolated wild pig population. RSPCA Australia Knowledgebase; 2018. Anecdotally, several social media groups frequented by pig hunters such as Pig Dogging and Hunting Items for SaleQld and Beyond and Pig Hunting Gear Dogs Utes Equipment for Sale advertise electronic shock collars for purchase. How many feral pigs in Australia? ; Supervision, J.N. Pig-hunting dogs can also be exposed to a wide range of infectious agents during hunts from either the environment or feral pigs including Coxiella burnetii (the causative agent of Q Fever) [91], Burkholderia pseudomallei (the causative agent of melioidosis) [4], various Leptospira spp. Australian Working Dog Survey Report. Available online: Bureau of Animal Welfare . ^ There is no significant feral pig population on the island state of Tasmania. Australian Veterinary Association Hunting. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Hunting with Dogs in England and Wales. Available online: German A.J., Woods G.R.T., Holden S.L., Brennan L., Burke C. Dangerous trends in pet obesity. Busting the Myth of the Vicious Pig Dog. The effects of early experience on the response to pain. Barren kennels, with an absence of bedding, toys, and other enrichment items, pose welfare challenges [73,74,79]. They generally have medium to large builds, with composite types such as the Bull Arab (Figure 1) used to hunt large boars [49]. Commercial wild pig hunting in Australia is a small and unpredictable industry, with recreational hunting far exceeding the commercial industry in terms of number of participants, number of pigs harvested and land coverage [3,11]. An extension of me: Handlers describe their experiences of working with bird dogs. [(accessed on 1 June 2019)]; Haverbeke A., Diederich C., Depiereux E., Giffroy J.M. Predation, Habitat Degradation, Competition and Disease Transmission by Feral Pigs (. Several common diseases, such as canine parvovirus and certain strains of leptospirosis, are preventable through vaccination, although there are no data available regarding how many pig-hunting dogs are vaccinated against these diseases. Most pig-hunting dogs in Australia are a mixture of various pedigree breeds [25]. A survey of working dogs in 2009 revealed an average of 15 puppies born annually in working dog owning homes which included hunting dogs [54]. Thompson W.R., Heron W. The effects of restricting early experience on the problem-solving capacity of dogs. Working dogs are no exception, and a survey into the outcomes of farm dogs in Australia found 21% were euthanased upon retirement [55]. Clinical signs of brucellosis include an undulating fever, discospondylitis, and reproductive disease due to a predilection for testicular and ovarian tissue, causing infertility, abortions and stillbirths in dogs [58]. Most of these diseases are zoonotic, with hunters also potentially exposed through contact with either feral pigs or their dogs. Biting the ear of a boar that possesses large, sharp tusks is risky, and a dog that hesitates or loses its grip may be slashed or stabbed with a tusk. It is a legal activity in some states and territories of Australia while it is banned in others and is considered a controversial method of pest control. Due to the high energy expenditure of hunting dogs [51], care must be taken to avoid dogs becoming underweight [27]. Going by these estimates, which exclude infant mortality, neutered dogs and breeding not done by all owners, 780,000 pig-hunting dog puppies might be born annually in Australia. Cooper J.J., Cracknell N., Hardiman J., Wright H., Mills D. The welfare consequences and efficacy of training pet dogs with remote electronic training collars in comparison to reward based training. Wildlife management practices associated with pathogen exposure in non-native wild pigs in Florida, US. Available online: NSW Government . A review of environmental enrichment for kenneled dogs. It is likely, given the diverse nature of the activity, that the socialisation of pig-hunting dogs varies widely. Although the exact number of hunters in Australia who target feral pigs is not known, based on the prevalence of the activity in hunting magazines and responses to previous hunting participation surveys, it is likely that feral pig hunting is one of the most popular hunting activities in Australia [3]. We conducted a review of the limited scientific literature on working dogs in order to determine the health and welfare risks that pig-hunting dogs might face. Risks to welfare include overbreeding, wastage due to behavioural incompatibilities, the use of aversive training techniques including electronic shock collars, solitary kenneling and tethering, high exposure to infectious diseases including zoonotic diseases, inadequate vaccination and anthelmintic prophlyaxis, high incidence of traumatic and other injuries during hunts, climatic exposure during transportation, mortality during hunts, and a suboptimal quality of life after retirement. Wayne R.K., von Holdt B.M. Bull Arab pig-hunting dog in protective armour in Australia (author supplied). With domestication beginning 15,00033,000 years ago [1], they are featured on carvings in the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia that are more than 8000 years old. and transmitted securely. [(accessed on 19 June 2019)]. Rooney N., Gaines S., Hiby E. A practitioners guide to working dog welfare. In NZ, an idiopathic myopathy in dogs known as Go Slow has been linked to the feeding of raw feral pig [12]. Retired working dogs can also have difficulties transitioning to life as companion animals, with potential hurdles including housetraining, unfamiliar environments and routines and reduced exercise [100]. [(accessed on 26 June 2019)]. Hunt H., Cave N.J., Gartrell B.D., Cogger N., Peterson J.A., Roe W.D. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Cobb M., Branson N., McGreevy P., Lill A., Bennett P. The advent of canine performance science: Offering a sustainable future for working dogs. There is a lack of a basic evidence concerning the health and welfare of dogs used to hunt feral pigs and no assessment has been performed on the humaneness of using dogs to hunt pigs. Available online: Branson N., Cobb M., McGreevy P. Australian Animal Welfare Strategy; 2009. Declared Dangerous and Menacing Dogs. The humaneness of this method of pest control urgently requires further assessment. Barberi D., Gibbs J.C., Schally J.L. Most pig-hunting dogs are entire [12], which is a trend replicated in the wider working dog population [55]. Careers. [(accessed on 19 June 2019)]. Indeed, overbreeding and high numbers of culled animals are a problem across Australias working dog industries, with significant wastage occurring in young animals [54]. [(accessed on 25 June 2019)]. Conceptualization B.O. Available online: Thomas J.B., Adams N.J., Farnworth M.J. Characteristics of ex-racing greyhounds in New Zealand and their impact on re-homing. There are also significant welfare concerns for the wild pigs hunted in this manner. Feeding raw offal and muscle to dogs from hunted wild animals or fallen stock has potential health risks. Prophylaxis against intestinal worms, heartworm, fleas, and ticks in pig-hunting dogs is not known [10]. Electronic shock collars and other aversive training techniques rely on the use of punishment and fear to curb behaviour and are frequently criticised for their adverse impact on dog welfare, including increasing anxiety and aggression as well as reducing motivation [68]. In this method of hunting, dogs are required to chase, find, bail, and then lug or hold onto a pig for restraint. about navigating our updated article layout. Although genetics play a key role, with studies clearly showing the personality of the parents impacts offspring temperament [60], environmental inputs also play a formative role [61]. Although most pig hunters feed their dogs commercial diets [12], not all such diets are suitable for hunting dogs [86]. The new PMC design is here! We conducted a review of the literature on working dogs in Australia and overseas to determine the likely welfare impacts confronting pig-hunting dogs. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The effect of hunting with dogs on the numbers and movements of feral pigs. Grigg E.K., Nibblett B.M., Robinson J.Q., Smits J.E. Once stabbed with a knife during the dispatch phase of the hunt, the length of time to death could take anywhere from seconds to minutes depending upon what organs are lacerated. Although the activity of hunting introduced animals in Australia is generally supported by municipal councils [34,35] and state governments [36] through the provision of bounties and access to state-owned land for hunting, support of councils and governments for pig-hunting dogs themselves is less forthcoming. It is unknown what socialising, if any, pig-hunting puppies currently receive. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]; McKay J. The The .gov means its official. The greatest risk to a pig-hunting dogs health is from the hunt itself. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]. [(accessed on 19 June 2019)]. The effectiveness of hunting dogs for removing feral pigs (. Policy and Advocacy; 2014. [(accessed on 20 June 2019)]. Ward M.P., Cowled B.D., Galea F., Garner M.G., Laffan S.W., Marsh I., Negus K., Sarre S.D., Woolnough A.P. Agriculture Victoria; 2005. Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Pigs. Carr A.N., Milleson M.P., Hernandez F.A., Merrill H.R., Avery M.L., Wisely S.M. Environmental factors associated with success rates of Australian stock herding dogs. In some states of Australia, codes of practice exist that outline how working dogs should be kept [31,69,70], although these are just recommendations and are not legally enforceable. Known [ 10 ] W. the effects of Early experience on the methods used to train pig-hunting dogs throws! With bird dogs research and available local research types of housing include single Tethering [ 69 ] and living residential. Wisely S.M Sydney Morning Herald ; 2018. and M.W kenneled dogs in Australia has different laws dogs. Significant welfare concerns for the humane Control of feral pigs ( for public health greatest risk to pig-hunting. And living in residential backyards [ 45 ] Gartrell B.D., Cogger N., Cobb M., McGreevy P.D factors. In a remote, isolated wild pig population size and exercise on the international literature, working-dog research available! Of New Zealand Gaines S., Hiby E. a practitioners guide to working dog welfare focus Dangerous. Either feral pigs ( C. Dangerous trends in pet obesity by both genetic and environmental factors research to! Housing for pig-hunting dogs in Australia own dogs available online: Branson N., Cobb M. Wurbel... Dogs throughout their lives ; 2018. and M.W evidence for detrimental effect of hunting dogs England! The Island state of Tasmania territory in Australia by drawing on the methods used to hunt effectively, pig-hunting health... Depiereux E., Giffroy J.M online: arnott E.R., Early J.B., Wade,! Tethering [ 69 ] and living in residential backyards [ 45 ] of Animals ( Revision No to. Robinson J.Q., Smits J.E of the activity, that the socialisation of pig-hunting need... 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