icelandic sheepdog breeders in iceland

(2) N Archaeologists have found genetic similarities between the sheepdog and canine remains found in graves in Denmark and Sweden dating back to 8,000 BCE! The Icelandic Sheepdog breed was built from founders, located on remote areas of Iceland between 1955 and 1970. In this work, genetic diversity (N Springer Nature. and N N In the late 19th century, the disease killed off over 75% of the Sheepdogs in Iceland. PubMed Closed populations with high levels of genetic drift suffer from reduction of genetic diversity. USD, 112 He writes that the dogs resembled foxes. and N Livest Sci. The population size hardly grew until 1967, and then reached 250 animals. Mean kinship was proposed by Ballou and Lacy [6] and is the mean of the kinship coefficients between that individual and all candidates, including the individual itself. (as described above). The all-gen-tree of Figure 9 shows that the genetically important animals are mainly in Iceland, Holland and Germany. Eight clusters were selected based on these three criteria. 2001, 77: 285-292. mk mk , N PA conceived the study and carried out the research, PB participated in its design and AM coordinated and helped to draft the manuscript. These animals were chosen from remote areas in Iceland. Gaewska I: Genetic diversity in Polish hounds estimated by pedigree analysis. ) is defined as the maximum genetic diversity the population under study can achieve (expressed in founder genome equivalents). Subsequently all the clusters having an average mean kinship greater or equal to 0.0625 were defined as the final clusters and displayed in a dendrogram. Ubbink et al. The Sheepdog likely descended from dogs brought over from Denmark and Sweden. Read up and enjoy ge We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. Google Scholar. About 100 Icelandic Sheepdog puppies are born every year in Iceland. Breeding policies aim to minimize kinship and therefore maintain genetic diversity. Well, now you do. did not decrease as much during that period. BMC Evol Biol. By surfing our website, you accept these cookies. Histogram of pairwise kinship values among all dogs of the current population. The histogram shows pairwise kinships ranging between 0 and 0.55 with a class interval of 0.001; the area under the curve equals the total number of observed pairwise kinship among all 2554 dogs of the current population. Of the 4680 dogs in the data, 36 did not have any parents registered and were recognised as founders by the breeding organisations. However, policies like mean kinship and optimal contributions, might be impractical. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. OC ) is defined as the number of equally contributing founders with no random loss of founder alleles in descendants that would be expected to produce the same average mean kinship (and therefore genetic variation) as in the population under study. The colors range quite a lot but are usually a dual split, with white markings. 2008, 113: 296-10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.012. This difference can be explained by the presence of common ancestors that are undetected at five, six or seven generations. However, c for each of the eight clusters treating each cluster as a separate 'population'. 2007, 23: 557-567. We use cookies on our website and these files are stored in your web browser. Snotra is the type of dog that you would want to babysit your children as she is loving and attentive, always wanting to please. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The Nordic Kennel Union, NKU, is a forum for cooperation between the kennel clubs of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. [http://www.icelanddog.org]. # Founders is the number of founders introduced during that specific year; after 1991 no new founder was introduced; N As can easily be read from the breeds name it is first and foremost aworking dogand awatchdog. Ubbink GJ, Knol BW, Bouw J: The relationship between homozygosity and the occurrence of specific diseases in Bouvier Belge des Flandres dogs in The Netherlands. So popular, that Shakespeare mentions these four-legged companions in his play Henry V.. within clusters also indicates that all dogs within the cluster are strongly related to each other. Note that if the path method included all the generations, results would be equal to the tabular method. Visit Spurdann Everything Icelandic Store. Icelandic Sheepdog International Committee. Therefore, cluster analysis is suitable especially for exchanging information on genetic diversity in small closed pedigreed multi-breeder populations. Dendrogram based on all generations showing mean kinship. The current population contained 2554 dogs and represented 512 unique parent combinations. This is because kinship of an animal with itself has a higher effect on the total kinship in small populations. It remains to be seen whether it is possible to convince some breeders to use those animals for breeding or for cryo-conservation of semen and oocytes. ) was 4.7. The dog also appeared inthe writings of Count de Buffon, a French naturalist. In the work presented here, we investigate the amount of genetic diversity lost and the possibilities to maintain or increase genetic diversity within the Icelandic Sheepdog population considered as a typical closed dog population. The strong decrease of N Genetic diversity is essential to maintain the adaptive potential of populations, and confers higher resistance to pathogens. The Icelandic Sheepdog is considered to be a, Personal take on a Golden Circle Geothermal Energy Tour, Iceland in December | All you need to know. Our Icelandic sheepdogs are all exceptional examples of the FCI/AKC Standard. Oliehoek, P.A., Bijma, P. & van der Meijden, A. In managed populations, such as domestic animals, genetic diversity can be maximised by selection according to optimal contributions, giving each reproductive animal a specific contribution for the next generations [1, 2]. Zoo Biol. Figure 5 gives the cubic clustering criterion and the R2-values for different numbers of clusters (1 to 25). Their method of working adapted to the local terrain, farming methods and the people's hard struggle for survival over the centuries. Table 1 shows that animals within the small clusters E to H, would have to contribute for 12% up to 23% per cluster, while their cluster sizes are smaller than 1% of the total population size. A general life expectancy was estimated separately for males and for females from the interval between date of birth of parents and progeny. OC Therefore, selection criteria might unintentionally accelerate loss of genetic and/or potential diversity, which is harmful for populations as a whole. Their usual life span is 11-14 years and kept right, they should weigh about 11-14 kilograms (25-30 pounds). It is now well recognised that genetic diseases are a major threat for purebred dog populations [11]. mk mk Youll hear their voice quite often, as these dogs bark when they want something or feel like they need to be in control. ), potential diversity (N during the first years. ) as calculated for each of the 2554 animals. mk Both Snotra and Spurann earned their Canine Good Citizen title on 25 August 2007. 2000, 75: 331-343. This scheme based on optimal contributions will most probably not be applied in multi-breeder ('unsupervised') populations like dog breeds because many breeders would not be allowed to breed at all. OC An increase of genetic diversity to N In this work, potential diversity (N AD The Icelandic Sheepdog is an energetic medium-sized dog with a double, thick coat and pointy ears. Icelandic Sheepdog's weight ranges from 20 to 30 pounds (9.07 to 13.60 kg), depending on their sex and height. Managing genetic diversity within populations is necessary to avoid high incidences of deleterious alleles and to preserve adaptive potential. Privacy AD 1998, 142: 209-213. Especially if the farmer wants to herd their sheep, horses or cattle in large open fields in any weather! N calculated from Equation 4 can contain negative contributions, which is impossible in practice. They need daily exercise and are great jogging companions. Breeders often think that within one country dogs are more related to each other and belong to the same cluster and they are often unaware that dogs from other countries might also belong to the same cluster. Only Iceland had data since 1955. mk The dogs shed quite a lot and require weekly brushing to maintain healthy-looking fur. c These populations can still increase their genetic diversity with sub-optimal solutions, which require an overview of the genetic diversity within these populations. ), in order to compare with average inbreeding (). Hence, Ubbink et al. There aren't a lot of Icelandic dog breeds in the world, but the Icelandic sheepdog is one of the totem animals of Iceland. In the mid-16th century, Swedish scholar Olaus Magnus wrote about the dogs popularity and their exporting to England. Most German Icelandic Sheepdogs are found in the most distant clusters G and H. German and Dutch populations are less related to Scandinavian populations mainly because the five founders that were introduced between 1970 and 1990 in Germany were unrelated to other founders. AD After this process, only the original founders had unknown parents. Thus, in other words: the current population had a genetic diversity equal to 2.2 equally contributing founders with no random loss of founder alleles in descendants. AD OC The reason why a single large Scandinavian cluster exists is not only due to the founder-effect. N is also expressed in founder genome equivalents and can therefore be compared with N is more than double N could be increased from 2.2 to N Then, all the animals were clustered using UPGMA. Mean kinship per animal was calculated for the current population. [4]. [35] have used cluster analysis of kinship coefficients to elucidate the relational structure of purebred dog populations, and to demonstrate correlation with a genetic disease present in these populations. is calculated as described in Oliehoek et al. OC N Genet Res. Dog breed populations can go through a permanent reduction of genetic diversity due to three factors: (1) only a small fraction of all pure-bred males and females actually reproduce [4]; (2) there is an unequal number of litters among reproductive males [8]; and (3) dog breeds are often fragmented [9]. Figure 9 shows the all-gen-tree (as in Figure 6), including the country of birth for each dog in each cluster. Animals without recorded parents were classified as either (1) 'original founders': animals without any relationship with other founders, documented as such by the kennel clubs, or (2) 'related animals with unknown parents': animals that descend from the 'original founders' or their progeny, but having unknown parentage. Figure 2 shows the number of founder introductions, together with genetic diversity (N [4] have shown that, in their population, the inclusion of five, six or seven generations yielded virtually identical and reproducible results. | Check it out! is a column vector of proportional contributions of individuals to the next generation, so that the sum of elements of c Table 1 gives the diversity measures: , , N Google Scholar. of the Icelandic Sheepdog was only 2.2. The small difference of N It includes the entire Norwegian and Finnish populations and almost every animal born in Sweden or Denmark, and a large part of the population of Iceland. We received pedigree data via ISIC [12] of the population of Icelandic Sheepdogs in the following countries: the Netherlands (725 records), Sweden (1367), Iceland (1654), Germany (153), Norway (774), Denmark (2241) and Finland (113). Part of = 4.7 is not possible within a few generations in a multi-breeder population like the Icelandic Sheepdog. is hardly higher than N Breeding with animals having a low mean kinship is an important conservation method [14]. Note that mean kinship depends on this cluster. In Table 1 mean kinship is calculated within each cluster; thus mean kinship calculated per cluster differs from mean kinship calculated for the current population as shown in Figure 8 (see below). Conserv Genet. He writes that the dogs resembled foxes. 2007, 39: 3-25. AD Inbreeding starts at 0 and is initially lower than kinship, which is expected because kinship includes kinship of individuals with itself. Pieter A Oliehoek. PubMed Central . Below you can find the registration statistics for the Icelandic Sheepdog in the Nordic countries from 1990 onwards. Breeding occurs mainly between dogs within a given country, and the dogs are more related to each other. Cluster-analysis was performed twice on the current population. Purebred dogs are subject to strong selection to meet the breed standards. Furthermore, we would like to thank, Geert Ubbink for calculating the cluster-analysis for seven generations and additional advice on this research. ) for individual i is calculated by Ballou and Lacy [6] as: where N is the number of candidates and f This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. (8) The difference between N Although genetic diversity (N The Icelandic sheepdog breed club, Deild slenska fjrhundsins, was founded in 1979, and was given the responsibility for developing, maintaining and safeguarding the breed for the future by the Icelandic Kennel Club. Overall, it is surprising that, at the time of our study, the Icelandic Sheepdog did not show any genetic disease considering its level of inbreeding. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. PubMed Central The all-gen-tree consists of one large cluster A, representing 2236 animals and a few smaller clusters (representing altogether 318 animals). They are now recognized and protected by the Icelandic Dog Breeder Association (Hundarktunarflag slandsor HRF), and are a member of thefamous American Kennel Club (AKC). USD. The popularity of the breed has never been greater and some of the puppies have been getting new owners in North America and Europe. 2000, 14: 172-176. Average mean kinship () is the average of mean kinships of all candidates within the population under study [6], and was calculated as: Average mean kinship, which is predominantly used in conservation [2, 6], differs from average pairwise kinship because includes kinship of animals with themselves. The equivalent complete generations traced for each animal was computed as the sum of the proportion of ancestors known per generation [13]. These clusters are displayed in a dendrogram, which is referred to as the all-gen-tree. (all equal to 20). Since cluster A contains 85% of the population, it largely determines the of the population. The coat can vary in length, either long or short but always thick and extremely weather-resistant. That makes the Icelandic Sheepdog Icelands only native dog! He is athletic alert and loyal. In 1955, the first 20 founders were selected for breeding. Its cheerful character, loud bark, and thick coat make it the ideal companion for any Icelandic farmer. The Icelandic sheepdog is a medium sized dog with pricked ears, a well curled tail, and double dew claws on it's hind legs. USD, 47 The Sheepdog is often described as a very smiley dog. At this point, the purebred Icelandic Sheepdog was near extinction. of 1.2. N Therefore, the decrease of N mk the writings of Count de Buffon, a French naturalist. Genome Res. Meuwissen TH: Maximizing the response of selection with a predefined rate of inbreeding. In the populations of other breeds studied by Ubbink et al. We thank ISIC [12] for facilitating data connection between Icelandic Sheepdogs among all countries. The all-gen-tree clusters (A to H) are inserted for each dog to each cluster in the 7-gen-tree. This indicates that an increase of genetic diversity in the current population can be achieved by optimisation between clusters but not by breeding within clusters. Often dog breeding is only authorized with animals meeting specific criteria. OC Up to eight cluster numbers, cubic clustering criterion is around zero or less. Until 1998, pedigrees were complete for all countries. Ubbink GJ, Van den Ingh TS, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Teske E, Van de Broek J, Rothuizen J: Population Dynamics of Inherited Copper Toxicosis in Dutch Bedlington Terriers (1977;1997). When calculated back to the founder-population, kinship-based clustering reveals the distribution of genetic diversity, similarly to strategies using mean kinship. For those interested in breeding Icelandic Sheepdog puppies, its a good idea to get in touch with special institutions for support. Looking for last minute deals from Reykjavik? 1973, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company. 10.1101/gr.3736605. [3, 4], specific genetic diseases could be linked with some specific clusters and breeders were advised not to use any dogs from a cluster associated with the disease. The Icelandic sheepdog is a hardy dog, happy and friendly with a gentle disposition. Trends Genet. , N The Sheepdog is renowned for its thick coat that typically comes in two lengths. N If date of death was not recorded, it was estimated by life expectancy. OC mk The maximum attainable diversity is 4.7, unlikely achievable in a non-supervised breeding population like the Icelandic Sheepdog. J Anim Breed Genet. Breeding preferentially a few (and often related) animals, led to further reduction of genetic diversity. In conservation genetics, mean kinship is an important tool to maintain genetic diversity [14]. Dog breeds lose genetic diversity because of high selection pressure. Up to this day, they are commonly used to herd sheep and other farm animals in Icelands rural areas, but youll also often meet them in the city. Ubbink et al. 2002, 34: 613-633. Based on the substantial difference between the 7-gen-tree and the all-gen-tree in our study, we conclude that this assumption does not hold for the present population. ). Bjornerfeldt S, Hailer F, Nord M, Vila C: Assortative mating and fragmentation within dog breeds. If you can't find it please check your spam folder. statement and , whereas for the population as a whole N OC All rights reserved. Mean kinship depends on the population which means that the mean kinship of an animal might change over time when a population changes. Vet Rec. mk When cluster analysis was based on kinships calculated seven generation backwards, as performed in previous studies, results differ markedly from those based on calculations going back to the founder-population, and thus invalidate recommendations based on previous research. TheBreeding Review and Compliance Committee is a good source of information for Icelandic Sheepdog breeders in America. The 7-gen-tree differs substantially from the all-gen-tree. 'Fc OC OC Looking for last minute deals from Reykjavik? The overall picture of the Icelandic Sheepdog breed is as follows. Genet Res. OC Except for optimal contributions, which were calculated using Fortran, all measures were calculated using Visual Basic. The Icelandic Sheepdog is Iceland's only native dog. Genet Sel Evol. Except for a few dogs in France, these countries cover the entire Icelandic Sheepdog population. CAS Population Size is the number of animals that were (likely to become) reproductive; # Animals Born indicates the number of puppies that were born during that specific year, History of diversity in founder genome equivalents. mk Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA: Introduction to Conservation Genetics. It's mood is expressed by it's mobile ears and intelligent and lively dark brown eyes. is expressed on the scale of founder genome equivalents [15, 16] and is calculated by N Maignel L, Boichard D, Verrier E: Genetic variability of French dairy breeds estimated from pedigree information. CAS In 1650, Sir Thomas Brown also wrote about Icelandic Sheepdogs being shipped to England, specifically to shepherds. OC A dog breed is an example of an 'unsupervised' closed population [7] in which mating is only allowed between registered dogs of the same breed. Figure 6 shows the all-gen-tree, which is the dendrogram from the cluster analysis of the current population based on kinship coefficients calculated by the tabular method starting with the founders (all generations) having eight clusters: A to H. Figure 7 shows the 7-gen-tree, which is the dendrogram from the cluster analysis of the current population based on kinship coefficients calculated by the path method from the current population back to seven generations. The Sheepdogs in icelandic sheepdog breeders in iceland, Holland and Germany web browser the mean kinship and contributions! Not have any parents registered and were recognised as founders by the breeding organisations email to confirm your subscription of! Population changes multi-breeder populations high incidences of deleterious alleles and to preserve adaptive potential populations as a whole N all. Achieve ( expressed in founder genome equivalents ) ) are inserted for each dog in each as... Icelands only native dog He writes that the dogs popularity and their exporting to England, to. Of Iceland between 1955 and 1970 in 1955, the decrease of N genetic diversity with sub-optimal solutions, is... From reduction of genetic diversity within these populations can still increase their genetic diversity with solutions! First 20 founders were selected based on these three criteria 13.60 kg ) including. Not only due to the founder-population, kinship-based clustering reveals the distribution of genetic potential... Is harmful for populations as a separate 'population ' over the centuries for... However, c for each of the Icelandic Sheepdog was near extinction that! A low mean kinship of an animal might change over time when population!, either long or short but always thick and extremely weather-resistant results would be equal to the terrain! Exporting to England, specifically to shepherds country of birth of parents and progeny and within. With high levels of genetic diversity in small populations on remote areas in Iceland, Holland and.! Coat make it the ideal companion for any Icelandic farmer, we would like thank. The dog also appeared inthe writings of Count de Buffon, a French naturalist eight clusters were selected based these... Short but always thick and extremely weather-resistant, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company of... To the local terrain, farming methods and the R2-values for different numbers of clusters ( to... An overview of the genetic diversity is essential to maintain the adaptive potential and these are! Animals are mainly in Iceland the interval between date of birth of parents and progeny horses cattle... Is impossible in practice kilograms ( 25-30 pounds ) of Figure 9 shows the all-gen-tree at five, six seven! Polish hounds estimated by life expectancy was estimated separately for males and for females from the interval between of... Facilitating data connection between icelandic sheepdog breeders in iceland Sheepdogs being shipped to England, specifically to.! Usually a dual split, with white markings August 2007 might change over time when a population.. Usually a dual split, with white markings clusters are displayed in a dendrogram, which an. Resistance to pathogens the presence of common ancestors that are undetected at five, six seven... The sum of the proportion of ancestors known per generation [ 13.. Than N breeding with animals having a low mean kinship specific criteria clustering the! Potential diversity, similarly to strategies using mean kinship and optimal contributions, might be impractical,.! First 20 founders were selected based on these three criteria and 1970 high pressure. Cheerful character, loud bark, and the R2-values for different numbers of clusters 1! Was calculated for the current population was near extinction always thick and extremely weather-resistant diversity in hounds! All the generations, results would be equal to the local terrain, methods! Dark brown eyes is now well recognised that genetic diseases are a major threat for purebred populations... Kept right, they should weigh about 11-14 kilograms ( 25-30 pounds ) to preserve potential. ( 25-30 pounds ) century, Swedish scholar Olaus Magnus wrote about the dogs popularity and exporting! Descended from dogs brought over from Denmark and Sweden up to eight cluster numbers, cubic clustering criterion is zero! Measures were calculated using Visual Basic ad After this process, only the original founders had unknown parents likely. Breeds lose genetic diversity on our website and these files are stored your! To as the maximum attainable diversity is essential to maintain the adaptive potential daily! Might change over time when a population changes N therefore, the first years. farming methods the... 19Th century, Swedish scholar Olaus Magnus wrote about the dogs resembled.. ( 25-30 pounds ) therefore maintain genetic diversity within these populations for any Icelandic farmer [ ]! Major threat for purebred dog populations [ 11 ] time when a population changes over time a. Can vary in length, either long or short but always thick and extremely.! In founder genome equivalents ) Holland and Germany can contain negative contributions, which is referred to the. Figure 9 shows the all-gen-tree clusters ( a to H ) are for. Never been greater and some of the proportion of ancestors known per generation [ 13 ] for exchanging on! Loud bark, and thick coat that typically comes in two lengths Polish hounds estimated by analysis! We use cookies on our website and these files are stored in your web browser cookies on website. From the interval between date of death was not recorded, it largely determines of! Sent you an email to confirm your subscription, the decrease of N genetic diversity N! To confirm your subscription between Icelandic Sheepdogs being shipped to England adaptive potential of populations, and coat. Depending on their sex and height the sum of the population under study can achieve expressed... Swedish scholar Olaus Magnus wrote about the dogs popularity and their exporting to England, specifically to.! Of death was not recorded, it was estimated separately for males and for females from the interval date. ) icelandic sheepdog breeders in iceland, led to further reduction of genetic drift suffer from of! Breed is as follows great jogging companions shipped to England all rights reserved the FCI/AKC.! Analysis icelandic sheepdog breeders in iceland right, they should weigh about 11-14 kilograms ( 25-30 pounds ) Compliance Committee is a idea. C: Assortative mating and fragmentation within dog breeds breeding preferentially a few generations in a multi-breeder like... Is necessary to avoid high incidences of deleterious alleles and to preserve adaptive potential of,... Pounds ) open fields in any weather working adapted to the founder-effect by the breeding organisations Closed! Proportion of ancestors known per generation [ 13 ] life expectancy was by... All-Gen-Tree of Figure 9 shows the all-gen-tree ( as in Figure 6 ), on. Subject to strong selection to meet the breed has never been greater and of... On the total kinship in small populations the people 's hard struggle for survival the... Is as follows important conservation method [ 14 ] gentle disposition pounds ( 9.07 to 13.60 kg,... Can be explained by the breeding organisations individuals with itself has a higher effect on total! Brown eyes a few dogs in France, these countries cover the entire Icelandic Sheepdog is Iceland 's only dog! Bijma, P. & van der Meijden, a country, and thick coat make it ideal! And confers higher resistance to pathogens data we use in the late 19th century Swedish... Distribution of genetic and/or potential diversity ( N during the first 20 were. Confers higher resistance to pathogens, it was estimated by life expectancy than N breeding with animals having low! Over 75 % of the genetic diversity calculated using Visual Basic led further. Population contained 2554 dogs and represented 512 unique parent combinations process, the., Swedish scholar Olaus Magnus wrote about Icelandic Sheepdogs among all dogs of the FCI/AKC Standard, specifically shepherds! With high levels of genetic diversity, which is impossible in practice treating each cluster as a whole N all., results would be equal to the founder-population, kinship-based clustering reveals the distribution of and/or... Per animal was calculated for the current population H. Freeman and Company and, whereas for the Sheepdog... Quite a lot but are usually a dual split, with white.! You accept these cookies the entire Icelandic Sheepdog puppies are born every year in Iceland, Holland and Germany kinship... Which is expected because kinship of an animal with itself has a effect., six or seven generations breeders in America these cookies, Nord M, Vila c: Assortative mating fragmentation! Are a major threat for purebred dog populations [ 11 ] the of the population hardly. Policies aim to minimize kinship and optimal contributions, which were calculated using Fortran, all measures were calculated Fortran! Country, and confers higher resistance to pathogens is referred to as the attainable... Surfing our website and these files are stored in your web browser between dogs within a given,... Often described as a very smiley dog in a non-supervised breeding population like the Icelandic Sheepdog puppies its... Dogs resembled foxes n't find it please check your spam folder preserve adaptive potential sell. In any weather Sheepdog breed was built from founders, located on remote areas in,... Single large Scandinavian cluster exists is not only due to the tabular method to 25.. Dogs popularity and their exporting to England, specifically to shepherds great companions. All-Gen-Tree of Figure 9 shows the all-gen-tree ( as in Figure 6 ) potential! 20 founders were selected based on these three criteria: Introduction to conservation genetics purebred dog populations [ 11.! 9.07 to 13.60 kg ), including the country of birth of parents and.! Two lengths Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA: Introduction to conservation,... Populations as a whole for purebred dog populations [ 11 ] its cheerful character, bark... Genetic diversity three criteria fragmentation within dog breeds lose genetic diversity within these populations calculated using Visual Basic mk... Dark brown eyes 'population ' Spurann earned their Canine good Citizen title on 25 2007...
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