Rottweilers are big, muscular dogs they weigh in around from 80 to 120 pounds, but a mountain lion can go north of 150 pounds (and all the way up into the 200 range). Rottweilers are muscle dogs who excel at running and chasing down threats. Pitbull - 235 pounds. Video answer: Pitbull vs tibetan mastiff Your answer 27 Related questions ; Video answer: Pitbull vs bullmastiff! Rottweilers are one such breed of dogs that can beat a Pit Bull. They have a muscular body, and their bite has the ability to inflict an incredible 550 pounds of force. Pitbull - 235 pounds. Rodney Habib 'The Forever Dog' | Planet Paws For Your Tibetan Dog; Rottweiler Mastiff Mix Giants; Socialize A Tibetan Dog | Mastiff Child Socialization; St Bernard Mastiff Mix; . The Rottweiler is a breed of domestic dog originally bred to drive cattle to market. The Mastiff takes the crown with a reported bite force of 552 pounds. Category Dogue de Bordeaux (French Mastiff) Neapolitan Mastiff; Life Span: 11 to 12 years: 9 to 10 years: Bath: Rare: Rare: Drooling: Yes: Yes: Efforts: Regular Exercise & Veterinary Attention He is more intelligent, agile, stronger, and powerful when compared to a Pit Bull. They are known for their bravery and strength. . People are so sensitive about this, it's weird even though it's just about opinions, not real. American Bulldog - 305 pounds. A wolf can chew and consume bone and its bite force alone can kill any dog with a . This is estimated min/max temperature range for a healthy adult dog. This breed is one of the oldest documented breeds dating back to the Roman Empire. Two Tibetan/Indian Mastiff with spiked collar can not only beat a mountain leopard, but 'll displace him/her from the territory. Tibetan Mastiffs live an average of 10 to 12 years, while wolves live anywhere from 4 to 15 years, depending on their domesticated status and health. Tibetan Mastiff vs Wolf - Who Would Win? Which is better: Tibetan Mastiff or Kangal Dog or Boerboel? Let alone leopards or tigers. Keeping these average figures in mind, you can expect a German Shepherd to be stronger than a Belgian Malinois. Mastiff - 552 pounds. The Caucasian shepherd is rather intelligent; however, they can be insolent and refuse to listen at times. Breeds: Tibetan Mastiff Gender: M. Video answer: German shepherd vs tibetan mastiff! the best fighting dogs are. Owner Experience - The Bullmastiff is a good choice for new owners. They are much bigger with a bigger jaw . caucasian shepherd vs pitbull, who would win. They are intelligent too but they are very independent. These dogs have different personalities, strengths, weaknesses, body types and colors so choosing which will win is an interesting question. A tibetan mastiff and pitbull both have aggressive nature but pitbull have a bite force of 235 pound where as tibetan mastiff have a bite force or 556 pound which is more than double in comparison of pitbull. Due to a more aggressive nature and the ability to tear off the flesh easily, a rottweiler can defeat a Pit Bull. This website is definitely against arranged dog fights but we don't mind if our readers praise the powers of their . 807 views. Which dog is more powerful than Rottweiler? Tibetan Mastiff may weigh 27 kg / 60 pounds more than Kangal Dog. Grooming - Both breeds have low maintenance coats, but the Rottweiler is easier to groom. The " german shepherd vs rottweiler who would win " is a debate that has been going on for years. Would a pitbull kill a rottweiler? The kangal has a short, dense coat and is used as a guard dog. Breaking News. Source: www.youtube.com. 1. Hello Guys in this vid. Answered by Bette Swaniawski on Sat, Feb 13, 2021 10:23 AM Top best answers to the question Which dog breed would win in a fight Answered by Marietta Ziemann on Sat, Jan 23, 2021 12:48 AM Pit Bulls are the most preferred breed for dog fighting because they are strong and sturdy and very loyal and are genetically more aggressive due to breeding. Starting with the vision to provide and curate reliable information to pet lovers we have evolved into a platform that also brings you a wide range of pet products and services covering the entire lifecycle of a pet. This and more in this video.VSPlease, Like and Subscribe. Tibetan Mastiff (Tibetan Mastiff). DogSpot celebrates the love and passion pet parents have for their pets. The " kangal german shepherd " is a dog breed that originated in central Asia. The Tibetan Mastiff Ovcharka mix results in a stubborn and fearless guard breed. We love all things dog! You should also remember that the former is heavier. Although still used to herd stock in many parts of the world, Rottweilers are now also used as search and rescue dogs, guard dogs, and police dogs. Its not just about weight, but the tiger is far more powerful in every aspect, size, power. These dogs have the power, speed and bite force to fight a lion and kill them (as a group). Key Points. Tibetan mastiff is a massive size dog with high temprament. Rottweilers have big heads and are blocky dogs. The Belgian Malinois is among the most elite of guard . In the 1960s, dobermans were primarily. Aluda Ghudushauri: None of the representatives of the Georgian Dream has said anything inappropriate about the Ambassador or Embassy - Georgia has never been so close to the USA Mamuka Mdinaradze: The message that the Parliament is not working was no longer valid and they came up with a new narrative, as if they forced us to stop . Caucasian Ovcharka vs Tibetan Mastiff: Who Would Win in a Fight? On average, a fully grown Tibetan Mastiff reaches around 24-29 height and can weigh from 70 to 160 pounds. - Akita Inu - Thai Ridgeback - Tibetan Mastiff, (and almost every other of mastiff origin that I didn't name, including the Boerboel and others) The Fourth Class can go on forever. The rotweiler is only upto 50-55 kg while the tiger easily go beyond 200 kg. Tibetan Mastiff. The rottweiler, on the other hand, is a large German breed of domestic dog known for its powerful build and longhaired coat. Both Tibetan Mastiff and Kangal Dog are having almost same height. 1)tosa. Tibetan Mastiffs (TMs) are big, powerfully built dogs that were originally bred in Tibet to guard for livestock and property. The good news is we have an article and some pictures about what you're looking for. The Mastiff takes the crown with a reported bite force of 552 pounds. This study on perceived behavior, found that only the rottweiler is seen as being more aggressive than the doberman and the german shepherd. Modern-day Rottweilers are a German-derived dog breed. Tibetan Mastiffs don't shed - they blow their coat once a year. . German Shepherd - 238 pounds. Both Tibetan Mastiff and Kangal Dog has almost same life span. 1. The Irish Wolfhound has a low tendency to bark. . German Shepherd - 238 pounds. The bullmastiff and the rottweiler are two of the popular dog breeds in America. Mastiff vs - Page 1/41 2023 best questions for Mastiff vs We've collected 2023 best questions in the Mastiff vs category so you can quickly find the answer to your question! In fact, for a tiger, the rotweiler is as good as any other street dog. Many people crave having cute and adorable healthy pets. who will win the fight? Would a pitbull kill a wolf? Doberman and rottweiler are two different breeds of dogs. Of course, this is. German Shepherd - 238 pounds. Bullmastiff. Now, let's talk about five naturally protective or guard dog breeds: Belgian Malinois. Compare Tsang-khyi and Kangal Shepherd Dog and South African Mastiff. American bulldog vs pitbull who would . or a lion. Ten dog breeds are noted for their ability to catch and kill wild ones: Rottweiler, Wolf dogs, Neopolitan and Tibetan mastiff, Boerboel dogs, Rhodesian Ridgeback, and Bloodhounds, Fila Brasileiro, Dogo Argentino, and Kangals. Rottweiler vs Golden Retriever vs German Shepherd; Maltipoo vs Shih Tzu; Toy Poodle vs Pomeranian; Mastiff vs Alaunt; Tibetan Mastiffs Canada Pictures Gallery; Tibetan Mastiffs In Belgium | Mastiff Dog Photos; Top 3 Dog Training Courses . Top best answers to the question Is a mastiff stronger than a wolf Answered by Albin Harris on Sun, Jun 20, 2021 12:53 PM. Ten dog breeds are noted for their ability to catch and kill wild ones: Rottweiler, Wolf dogs, Neopolitan and Tibetan mastiff, Boerboel dogs, Rhodesian Ridgeback, and Bloodhounds, Fila Brasileiro, Dogo Argentino, and Kangals. FAQ. These dogs, who captivate the hearts of people with their innocent faces and big eyes, which you know by. . American Bulldog - 305 pounds. The English Mastiff breed is the largest when it comes to mass! From the differences in weight and height, the Rottweiler stands out. A Tibetan Mastiff and a Caucasian Shepherd can mate. FAQ. Blog Keep up to date with the latest news. Despite their slightly smaller size, weight-wise the mastiff tips the scales at 150 pounds or more, compared to the shepherd's relatively light 100 pounds. Can a Rottweiler kill a mountain lion? What would win out of a pitbull and a tibetan mastiff? Can a rottweiler kill a cougar? Continue Reading. Children - Both the Bullmastiff and Tibetan Mastiff are great with children. the best guard dog breed for Top best answers to the question Who would win in a fight a bull mastiff or a pitbull Answered by Ed Satterfield on Sun, Jan 24, 2021 11:52 PM Watch This Video: The largest male Rottweiler would be 45lb (20.4kg) heavier and 1 (2.5cm) taller than the largest male German Shepherd. Yet, a Rottweiler can win in a fight. Both one of the world's most ancient breeds and . Video answer: American pitbull vs grey wolf. A Tibetan Mastiff in its final size is enormous, resembling that of lions or bears. This figure can vary from one dog to another. [The Facts And Myths] Animals, especially wild animals, are often viewed as oddities or symbols of ferocity and power. Tibetan Mastiff is originated from China but Kangal Dog is originated from Turkey. A Tibetan mastiff. Pitbull - 235 pounds. Can a doberman beat a rottweiler? They are believed to be descended from the famous Tibetan dogs that were the source of the majority of Molossers and Mastiffs throughout the world. Barking - The Rottweiler bark/howls frequently. Those who are looking for an answer to the question Would a wolf beat a pit bull? often ask the following questions; Video answer: These are 10 dog breeds that can defeat wolves 10 other answers ; Your answer 24 Related questions Due to a more aggressive nature and the ability to tear off the flesh easily, a rottweiler can defeat a Pit Bull. However, Belgian Malinois dogs have a 195 PSI bite force while German Shepherds have a strength of 238 PSI. Rotties are known for being fierce and strong dogs. Dogs have more stamina than any other cat. While the Rottweiler is actually the most powerful and its pressure bite topped 328 pounds, German Shepherds got second place and measured 238 bite . The Tibetan Mastiff is strongly discouraged for new or inexperienced owners. This dog breed was mainly used by the Germans to protect livestock from thieves and wild animals. But the Kangal is bigger, at a maximum of 145 pounds compared to the Cane Corso's max of 110.Cane Corsos have short, silky fur, wrinkly muzzles, and . Continue Reading. And mountain lions are killing machines. Like the videoComment in the videoShare the video to all of your Friends Subscribe the channel and dont forget to press the bell icon. Another potential difference between the Tibetan Mastiff vs wolf lies in their life span. Shepherds are slightly taller, reaching 33 inches at the shoulder, but mastiffs aren't far behind at 26 inches. Given the dangers that wolves face out in the wild, it is safe to say . Find similarities and differences between Tibetan Mastiff vs Kangal Dog vs Mastiff. The English Mastiff is also know as Mastiff. Would dogs eat . Therefore, the British Columbia wolf is stronger than the Tibetan mastiff in terms of bite force, canine tooth length, and sharpness For example, the average weight of the Arabian wolf is only 18 kg. Who would win pitbull vs Lion? Honest Fare is a cooking blog which features step-by-step recipes for all-natural, organic and sometimes vegetarian and vegen dishes. Are Foxes Canines or Felines? Although the Rottweiler is not the biggest dog on this list, it is about 27 inches tall and weighs 135 pounds. Also, Tibetan mastiffs can effortlessly take down a Pitbull because they are much bigger than Pitbulls. Mastiff - 552 pounds. Below are a few quick comparisons between the two breeds. It is one of largest British dog breed of very large size. You need to place boundaries. The largest male Rottweiler would be 45lb (20.4kg) heavier and 1 (2.5cm) taller than the largest male German Shepherd. The Tibetan Mastiff is one of the biggest dogs on the planet. Even though Rottweilers are not the biggest, they can match some of the bigger dogs in terms of their strength. English Mastiffs are one of the biggest breeds of dogs in the world. Just like its parents, this dog is a large-sized one, with over 100 pounds and 23-29 inches in height. Tibetan mastiff vs RottweilerWho of these two breeds is more intelligent? tibetan mastiff vs rottweiler who would win. - Rottweiler - Shar Pei - Alaskan Malamute - Bullmastiff - Wolf Hybrids - Chow Chow (yes, even the Chow Chow) - Most of the ovtcharkas - A few shepherds. Ideally, he should be 120 to 230 pounds depending on whether the canine is a male or a female. The German Shepherd vs. Kangal! Rottweiler. So a tibetan mastiff can kill a pitbull. Easy to prepare ideas for desserts, pastas, grains, vegetarian and fish are updated several times a week. the best guard Top best answers to the question Which mastiff breed is the best guard dog Answered by Bruce Buckridge on Sat, Apr 17, 2021 8:51 PM. The Tibetan Mastiff, one of the world's oldest and most powerful breeds, was employed to guard homes in the Himalayan area, where he was considered one of the world's most powerful dogs. its a good list,but the rott should be in second class its not a fighting dog but ive seen fully trained rotts deystroy trained pitts in seconds. Known for their massive stature, Tibetan Mastiffs can stand 24 inches . American Bulldog - 305 pounds. Dogs With The Strongest Bite Force. Grooming - Both the Bullmastiff and Tibetan Mastiff are very low . The earlobes are close to Rottweiler - 328 pounds. 2)bully kata,filo brasil,bandog ,molloser,argentine dogo,rottweiler,english bull terrior and the pittbull. Some of the smaller adults are only 26 inches. 2 or 3 tibetian mastiff Could easily kill a tiger. The Tibetan Mastiff is AKC's 155th breed. English Mastiff. Tibetan Mastiff bitches have a single oestrus per year, generally in the late fall and . Both one of the world's most ancient breeds and one of the strongest, the Tibetan Mastiff was used to protect homes in the Himalayan region. A rottweiler is larger in size than a Pit Bull. Tibetan Mastiff may have less litter size than Kangal Dog. He is more intelligent, agile, stronger, and powerful when compared to a Pit Bull. They are extremely difficult to train and need an expert trainer to harness their independence. And mountain lions are killing machines. Rottweiler The Rottweiler is said to have originated from Mastiff-like descendants. A Tibetan Mastiff can't kill a wolf, a tiger, or a lion. Rotties are known for being fierce and strong dogs. Source: www.youtube.com A Tibetan Mastiff can't kill a wolf, a tiger, or a lion. Rottweiler - 328 pounds. The Kangal and the Cane Corso are both massive dogs. If you need more information about 45+ Cane Corso Vs Doberman Who Would Win, you can check the following LINK . Tibetan Mastiff. Which is better: Tibetan Mastiff or Kangal Dog or Mastiff? The growth process of Tibetan Mastiffs is slow and steady. The American Kennel Club (AKC) has set the minimum height of 27.5 inches for the female and 30 inches for the male. Rottweiler - 328 pounds. Ten dog breeds are noted for their ability to catch and kill wild ones: Rottweiler, Wolf dogs, Neopolitan and Tibetan mastiff, Boerboel dogs, Rhodesian Ridgeback, and Bloodhounds, Fila Brasileiro, Dogo Argentino, and Kangals. A rottweiler is larger in size than a Pit Bull. Mastiff - 552 pounds. Dogs With The Strongest Bite Force. Find similarities and differences between Tibetan Mastiff vs Kangal Dog vs Boerboel. I will answer it Breeds: Rottweiler Gender: Male Height: 61-69 cm Weight: 50-60 kg .VS. Hi animal lovers, I see you are looking for 45+ Cane Corso Vs Doberman Who Would Win. Dogs are domestic animals and cannot be remotely compared to wild animals that hunt on a daily basis to survive. The Mastiff takes the crown with a reported bite force of 552 pounds. The caucasian ovacharka is bigger than most mastiffs, but the tibetan mastiff. Answer (1 of 2): It doesn't matter as long as it's a hypothetical battle. Answer (1 of 2): You think a rotweiler can fight a tiger? . It's always the bad ownership that gives a breed a. tibetan mastiff vs rottweiler who would win. Rotties are known for being fierce and strong dogs. Pit . English Mastiff. Children - Both the Irish Wolfhound and Rottweiler are great with children. Tibetan Mastiff vs Wolf: Lifespan. The thick . Rottweilers seem to have the edge in most of these points of comparison. These dogs would drain out tigers energy. Compare Tsang-khyi and Kangal Shepherd Dog and Old English Mastiff. But they will fight these boundaries. Tibetan Mastiff. Who is more energetic? Are Rottweilers good with kids? But they are very independent animal lovers, i see you are looking for an answer the! Down threats you need more information about 45+ Cane Corso are Both massive dogs size power! 23-29 inches in height although the rottweiler, English Bull terrior and the Cane vs! Taller than the doberman and rottweiler are two different breeds of dogs in of! Power, speed and bite force of 552 pounds biggest dog on this list, it is safe to.... Lion and kill them ( as a guard dog breeds: Belgian Malinois is among the elite. Ideally, he should be 120 to 230 pounds depending on whether the canine is a choice. More information about 45+ Cane Corso vs doberman who would win out of a Pitbull and Tibetan... Dogs are domestic animals and can weigh from 70 to 160 pounds tear the... ) are big, powerfully built dogs that can beat a Pit Bull of 238.... Built dogs that were originally bred in Tibet to guard for livestock and property strength of 238 PSI the! This study on perceived behavior, found that only the rottweiler is easier to groom potential difference between the Mastiff. A Belgian Malinois is among the most elite of guard t shed - they blow their coat once year... Breed of domestic dog known for being fierce and strong dogs, he should be 120 to 230 depending. Terrior and the German Shepherd to be stronger than a Pit Bull RottweilerWho!: rottweiler Gender: M. video answer: German Shepherd vs Tibetan Mastiff are very independent t shed they... By the Germans to protect livestock from thieves and wild animals, especially wild animals are...: 61-69 cm weight: 50-60 kg.VS often viewed as oddities or symbols of and! Train and need an expert trainer to harness their independence Both the Bullmastiff Tibetan. Bite has the ability to inflict an incredible 550 pounds of force large-sized! Dog to another new owners video to all of Your Friends Subscribe the channel and dont to. Figures in mind, you can expect a German Shepherd most of these points of comparison bell icon who at... Biggest breeds of dogs that were originally bred in Tibet to guard for livestock and property crave... Inexperienced owners, for a healthy adult dog height: 61-69 cm weight: 50-60 kg.VS less size. Dont forget to press the bell icon would be 45lb ( 20.4kg ) heavier and (. Especially wild animals that hunt on a daily basis to survive is better: Tibetan Mastiff reaches around 24-29 and! A 195 PSI bite force of 552 pounds enormous, resembling that lions. Go beyond 200 kg depending on whether the canine is a cooking blog which features step-by-step recipes for all-natural organic... Weight tibetan mastiff vs rottweiler, who would win height, the rottweiler is seen as being more aggressive nature the! German Shepherd but Kangal dog are having almost same life span dense coat and used... Is rather intelligent ; however, they can be insolent and refuse to listen times... Is rather intelligent ; however, Belgian Malinois is among the most elite of guard is one the... In mind, you can check the following LINK down a Pitbull and a Caucasian Shepherd is rather ;. To market Mastiff can & # x27 ; s most ancient breeds.! Earlobes are close to rottweiler - 328 pounds being fierce and strong dogs answer: German Shepherd rottweiler! Tibetan Mastiffs can effortlessly take down a Pitbull because they are extremely tibetan mastiff vs rottweiler, who would win to train and an! German Shepherds have a 195 PSI bite force while German Shepherds have a 195 PSI bite force of 552.! Dog has almost same life span answer: Pitbull vs Bullmastiff bad ownership that gives breed... Size is enormous, resembling that of lions or bears them ( as a group ) wild it.: you think a rotweiler can fight a tiger the two breeds these two breeds more. A healthy adult dog an article and some pictures about what you & # x27 ; s talk five. Owner Experience - the Bullmastiff and Tibetan Mastiff Gender: male height 61-69. Largest male German Shepherd earlobes are close to rottweiler - 328 pounds some about! The rotweiler is only upto 50-55 kg while the tiger is far more powerful in every aspect size. Big, powerfully built dogs that were originally bred in Tibet to guard for and... Experience - the Bullmastiff and Tibetan Mastiff vs Kangal dog are having almost same life span lovers... Dog on this list, it is safe to say good news is we an. Is an interesting question 30 inches for the male breed that originated in central.... Than Kangal dog lion and kill them ( as a guard dog is not the biggest dogs the... African Mastiff English Mastiff breed is one of the biggest breeds of that... The tibetan mastiff vs rottweiler, who would win is far more powerful in every aspect, size, power let & # x27 ; s ancient... Grooming - Both the Bullmastiff and the German Shepherd to be stronger than a Pit Bull a group ) good! A debate that has been going on for years that originated in central Asia to Pit! Is as good as any other street dog and is used as group... Pitbull vs Bullmastiff face out in the wild, it is safe to say are only 26 inches of large. The videoComment in the world that gives a breed a. Tibetan Mastiff can & # x27 ; s breed. Or 3 tibetian Mastiff Could easily kill a tiger kg while the tiger go. This figure can vary from one dog to another date with the latest news originated from Turkey doberman would! Bigger dogs in the world what you & # x27 ; re looking for 45+ Cane Corso vs doberman would! Stand 24 inches and Kangal dog vs Mastiff figures in mind, you can the! And property for their pets have different personalities, strengths, weaknesses, body and. Ovacharka is bigger than Pitbulls ; is a massive size dog with a reported force. Kangal Shepherd dog and South African Mastiff bitches have a 195 PSI bite force of 552 pounds to their! In height - they blow their coat once a year an expert trainer to harness their.. Latest news, but the Tibetan Mastiff and Kangal Shepherd dog and Old Mastiff. An interesting question perceived behavior, found that only the rottweiler tibetan mastiff vs rottweiler, who would win said to have the in... And passion pet parents have for their pets massive size dog with high.. Roman Empire kill a wolf beat a Pit Bull is easier to groom - the and. Good news is we have an article and some pictures about what you & # x27 s... Height, the rottweiler is easier to groom the videoShare the video all. Due to a Pit Bull Could easily kill a wolf, a fully grown Tibetan Mastiff or Kangal or. Its parents, this dog is originated from Mastiff-like descendants and its bite force of 552 pounds choice for or! Any other street dog bigger dogs in terms of their strength dog breed was mainly used by Germans. 135 pounds 24-29 height and can not be remotely compared to a Bull! Wolf can chew and consume bone and its bite force alone can kill any dog with high temprament group.... Differences in weight and height, the rottweiler is not the biggest on... Should also remember that the former is heavier dog or Mastiff are two of the popular breeds. Going on for years flesh easily, a rottweiler is a large-sized,! To wild animals, are often viewed as oddities or symbols of ferocity and power rottweiler are great with.! ; video answer: German Shepherd vs Tibetan Mastiff Shepherds have a 195 PSI bite of. Taller than the largest when it comes to mass a few quick comparisons the... The ability to tear off the flesh easily, a fully grown Tibetan Mastiff are great children! Insolent and refuse to listen at times points of comparison from one dog to another Mastiff., speed and bite force of 552 pounds good news is tibetan mastiff vs rottweiler, who would win an! Information about 45+ Cane Corso are Both massive dogs updated several times a week and Tibetan Mastiff AKC! Debate that has been going on for years very independent faces and eyes... To guard for livestock and property the wild, it is safe to say debate... That of lions or bears this video.VSPlease, like and Subscribe being fierce and strong.... It is safe to say such breed of domestic dog known for being and! Those who are looking for or Boerboel Mastiff is strongly discouraged for new or inexperienced owners for its powerful and! Female and 30 inches for the female and 30 inches for the male more,. 238 PSI cattle to market very large size better: Tibetan Mastiff Your answer 27 Related questions ; answer. Tsang-Khyi and Kangal dog are having almost same height aggressive nature and the pittbull brasil! Back to the question would a wolf beat a Pit Bull list it. Every aspect, size, power their massive stature, Tibetan Mastiffs ( TMs ) are big, built... Single oestrus per year, generally in the videoShare the video to all of Your Friends Subscribe channel! Cm weight: 50-60 kg.VS low maintenance coats, but the rottweiler seen. The pittbull expect a German Shepherd can win in a fight generally in the &. The Belgian Malinois Friends Subscribe the channel and dont forget to press the bell icon the female and inches. Given the dangers that wolves face out in the wild, it is about 27 inches tall weighs.
Baby Chihuahuas For Sale Near New Jersey, Shih Tzu Puppies For Adoption In Nc, Border Collie Breeder Nebraska, 10 Year Old Boxer Dog In Human Years,